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Cosa (chi) è Perot - definizione

FRENCH PHYSICIST (1863-1925)

Pérot; Alfred Pérot; Jean-Baptiste Gaspard Gustav Alfred Pérot

Carlos Perot

Draft:Carlos Perot

Carlos Perot (1919-2003) was the pseudonym of Carlos Pelikan Rotter, a Chilean artist mostly known for his paintings depicting marine landscapes and scenes. He was, at the time of his death, the only Latin American recognized by the Royal Society of Marine Artists.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Perot

Fabry–Pérot interferometer

$Airy distribution <math> A_\text{trans}^{\prime} </math> (solid lines), corresponding to light transmitted through a Fabry–Pérot resonator, calculated for different values of the reflectivities <math> R_1 = R_2 </math>, and comparison with a single Lorentzian line (dashed lines) calculated for the same <math> R_1 = R_2 </math>.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> At half maximum (black line), with decreasing reflectivities the FWHM linewidth <math> \Delta \nu_\text{Airy} </math> of the Airy distribution broadens compared to the FWHM linewidth <math> \Delta \nu_c </math> of its corresponding Lorentzian line: <math> R_1 = R_2 = 0.9, 0.6, 0.32, 0.172 </math> results in <math> \Delta \nu_\text{Airy} / \Delta \nu_c = 1.001, 1.022, 1.132, 1.717 </math>, respectively.$
$The physical meaning of the Airy finesse <math> \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} </math> of a Fabry–Pérot resonator.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> When scanning the Fabry–Pérot length (or the angle of incident light), Airy distributions (colored solid lines) are created by signals at individual frequencies. The experimental result of the measurement is the sum of the individual Airy distributions (black dashed line). If the signals occur at frequencies <math> \nu_m = \nu_q + m \Delta \nu_{\rm Airy} </math>, where <math> m </math> is an integer starting at <math> q </math>, the Airy distributions at adjacent frequencies are separated from each other by the linewidth <math> \Delta \nu_{\rm Airy} </math>, thereby fulfilling the Taylor criterion for the spectroscopic resolution of two adjacent peaks. The maximum number of signals that can be resolved is <math> \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} </math>. Since in this specific example the reflectivities <math> R_1 = R_2 = 0.59928 </math> have been chosen such that <math> \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} = 6 </math> is an integer, the signal for <math> m = \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} </math> at the frequency <math> \nu_q + \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} \Delta \nu_{\rm Airy} = \nu_q + \Delta \nu_{\rm FSR} </math> coincides with the signal for <math> m = q </math> at <math> \nu_q </math>. In this example, a maximum of <math> \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} = 6 </math> peaks can be resolved when applying the Taylor criterion.$
$Fabry–Pérot interferometer, using a pair of partially reflective, slightly wedged optical flats. The wedge angle is highly exaggerated in this illustration; only a fraction of a degree is actually necessary to avoid ghost fringes. Low-finesse versus high-finesse images correspond to mirror reflectivities of 4% (bare glass) and 95%.$
$False color transient for a high refractive index, dielectric slab in air. The thickness/frequencies have been selected such that red (top) and blue (bottom) experience maximum transmission, whereas the green (middle) experiences minimum transmission.$
$Example of a Fabry–Pérot resonator with (top) frequency-dependent mirror reflectivity and (bottom) the resulting distorted mode profiles <math> \gamma_{q,{\rm trans}}^{\prime} </math> of the modes with indices <math> q = 2000, 2001, 2002 </math>, the sum of 6 million mode profiles (pink dots, displayed for a few frequencies only), and the Airy distribution <math> A_{\rm trans}^{\prime} </math>.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> The vertical dashed lines denote the maximum of the reflectivity curve (black) and the resonance frequencies of the individual modes (colored).$
$Lorentzian linewidth and finesse versus Airy linewidth and finesse of a Fabry–Pérot resonator.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> [Left] Relative Lorentzian linewidth <math> \Delta \nu_c / \Delta \nu_{\rm FSR} </math> (blue curve), relative Airy linewidth <math> \Delta \nu_{\rm Airy} / \Delta \nu_{\rm FSR} </math> (green curve), and its approximation (red curve). [Right] Lorentzian finesse <math> \mathcal{F}_c </math> (blue curve), Airy finesse <math> \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} </math> (green curve), and its approximation (red curve) as a function of reflectivity value <math> R_1 R_2 </math>. The exact solutions of the Airy linewidth and finesse (green lines) correctly break down at <math> \Delta \nu_{\rm Airy} = \Delta \nu_{\rm FSR} </math>, equivalent to <math> \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} = 1 </math>, whereas their approximations (red lines) incorrectly do not break down. Insets: Region <math> R_1 R_2 < 0.1 </math>.$
$The physical meaning of the Lorentzian finesse <math> \mathcal{F}_c </math> of a Fabry–Pérot resonator.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> Displayed is the situation for <math> R_1 = R_2 \approx 4.32\% </math>, at which <math> \Delta \nu_c = \Delta \nu_{\rm FSR} </math> and <math> \mathcal{F}_c = 1 </math>, i.e., two adjacent Lorentzian lines (dashed colored lines, only 5 lines are shown for clarity for each resonance frequency,<math> \nu_{q} </math>) cross at half maximum (solid black line) and the Taylor criterion for spectrally resolving two peaks in the resulting Airy distribution (solid purple line, the sum of 5 lines which has been normalized to the peak intensity of itself) is reached.$
$Resonance enhancement in a Fabry–Pérot resonator.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> (top) Spectrally dependent internal resonance enhancement, equaling the generic Airy distribution <math> A_\text{circ} </math>. Light launched into the resonator is resonantly enhanced by this factor. For the curve with <math> R_1 = R_2 = 0.9</math>, the peak value is at <math> A_\text{circ}(\nu_q) = 100 </math>, outside the scale of the ordinate. (bottom) Spectrally dependent external resonance enhancement, equaling the Airy distribution <math> A_\text{circ}^{\prime} </math>. Light incident upon the resonator is resonantly enhanced by this factor.$
$Electric fields in a Fabry–Pérot resonator.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> The electric-field mirror reflectivities are <math> r_1 </math> and <math> r_2 </math>. Indicated are the characteristic electric fields produced by an electric field <math> E_{\rm inc} </math> incident upon mirror 1: <math> E_{\rm refl,1} </math> initially reflected at mirror 1, <math> E_{\rm laun} </math> launched through mirror 1, <math> E_{\rm circ} </math> and <math> E_\text{b-circ} </math> circulating inside the resonator in forward and backward propagation direction, respectively, <math> E_{\rm RT} </math> propagating inside the resonator after one round trip, <math> E_{\rm trans} </math> transmitted through mirror 2, <math> E_{\rm back} </math> transmitted through mirror 1, and the total field <math> E_{\rm refl} </math> propagating backward. Interference occurs at the left- and right-hand sides of mirror 1 between <math> E_{\rm refl,1} </math> and <math> E_{\rm back} </math>, resulting in <math> E_{\rm refl} </math>, and between <math> E_{\rm laun} </math> and <math> E_{\rm RT} </math>, resulting in <math> E_{\rm circ} </math>, respectively.$

AN OPTICAL INTERFEROMETER MADE FROM TWO PARALLEL MIRRORS

Etalon; Fabry-Perot; Fabry-Perot Interferometer; Fabry-Perot Étalon; Fabry-Perot interferometer; Fabry-Perot etalon; Fabry-Perot étalon; Coefficient of Finesse; Coefficient of finesse; Fabry-Pérot etalon; Fabry perot etalon; Fabry Perot etalon; Fabry-Perot Etalon; Étalon; Fabry-Pérot étalon; Fabry-Pérot; Fabry Pérot etalon; Fabry Pérot étalon; Fabry Perot; Fabry Pérot; Fabry-Pérot interferometer; Fabry–Perot interferometer; Fabry–Pérot interferometers; Fabry-Perot device; Fabry–Perot etalon; Fabry–Pérot etalon; Fabry–Pérot; Fabry–Pérot laser; Fabry-Perot laser; Fabry-Pérot laser; Fabry-Pérot interferometers; Faby-Perot filter; Fabry-Perot filter; Fabry–Pérot interferometry; Finesse Coefficient; Fabry-Pérot interferometry; Fabry Pérot interferometer

In optics, a Fabry–Pérot interferometer (FPI) or etalon is an optical cavity made from two parallel reflecting surfaces (i.e.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabry–Pérot_interferometer

etalon

$Airy distribution <math> A_\text{trans}^{\prime} </math> (solid lines), corresponding to light transmitted through a Fabry–Pérot resonator, calculated for different values of the reflectivities <math> R_1 = R_2 </math>, and comparison with a single Lorentzian line (dashed lines) calculated for the same <math> R_1 = R_2 </math>.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> At half maximum (black line), with decreasing reflectivities the FWHM linewidth <math> \Delta \nu_\text{Airy} </math> of the Airy distribution broadens compared to the FWHM linewidth <math> \Delta \nu_c </math> of its corresponding Lorentzian line: <math> R_1 = R_2 = 0.9, 0.6, 0.32, 0.172 </math> results in <math> \Delta \nu_\text{Airy} / \Delta \nu_c = 1.001, 1.022, 1.132, 1.717 </math>, respectively.$
$The physical meaning of the Airy finesse <math> \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} </math> of a Fabry–Pérot resonator.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> When scanning the Fabry–Pérot length (or the angle of incident light), Airy distributions (colored solid lines) are created by signals at individual frequencies. The experimental result of the measurement is the sum of the individual Airy distributions (black dashed line). If the signals occur at frequencies <math> \nu_m = \nu_q + m \Delta \nu_{\rm Airy} </math>, where <math> m </math> is an integer starting at <math> q </math>, the Airy distributions at adjacent frequencies are separated from each other by the linewidth <math> \Delta \nu_{\rm Airy} </math>, thereby fulfilling the Taylor criterion for the spectroscopic resolution of two adjacent peaks. The maximum number of signals that can be resolved is <math> \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} </math>. Since in this specific example the reflectivities <math> R_1 = R_2 = 0.59928 </math> have been chosen such that <math> \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} = 6 </math> is an integer, the signal for <math> m = \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} </math> at the frequency <math> \nu_q + \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} \Delta \nu_{\rm Airy} = \nu_q + \Delta \nu_{\rm FSR} </math> coincides with the signal for <math> m = q </math> at <math> \nu_q </math>. In this example, a maximum of <math> \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} = 6 </math> peaks can be resolved when applying the Taylor criterion.$
$Fabry–Pérot interferometer, using a pair of partially reflective, slightly wedged optical flats. The wedge angle is highly exaggerated in this illustration; only a fraction of a degree is actually necessary to avoid ghost fringes. Low-finesse versus high-finesse images correspond to mirror reflectivities of 4% (bare glass) and 95%.$
$False color transient for a high refractive index, dielectric slab in air. The thickness/frequencies have been selected such that red (top) and blue (bottom) experience maximum transmission, whereas the green (middle) experiences minimum transmission.$
$Example of a Fabry–Pérot resonator with (top) frequency-dependent mirror reflectivity and (bottom) the resulting distorted mode profiles <math> \gamma_{q,{\rm trans}}^{\prime} </math> of the modes with indices <math> q = 2000, 2001, 2002 </math>, the sum of 6 million mode profiles (pink dots, displayed for a few frequencies only), and the Airy distribution <math> A_{\rm trans}^{\prime} </math>.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> The vertical dashed lines denote the maximum of the reflectivity curve (black) and the resonance frequencies of the individual modes (colored).$
$Lorentzian linewidth and finesse versus Airy linewidth and finesse of a Fabry–Pérot resonator.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> [Left] Relative Lorentzian linewidth <math> \Delta \nu_c / \Delta \nu_{\rm FSR} </math> (blue curve), relative Airy linewidth <math> \Delta \nu_{\rm Airy} / \Delta \nu_{\rm FSR} </math> (green curve), and its approximation (red curve). [Right] Lorentzian finesse <math> \mathcal{F}_c </math> (blue curve), Airy finesse <math> \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} </math> (green curve), and its approximation (red curve) as a function of reflectivity value <math> R_1 R_2 </math>. The exact solutions of the Airy linewidth and finesse (green lines) correctly break down at <math> \Delta \nu_{\rm Airy} = \Delta \nu_{\rm FSR} </math>, equivalent to <math> \mathcal{F}_{\rm Airy} = 1 </math>, whereas their approximations (red lines) incorrectly do not break down. Insets: Region <math> R_1 R_2 < 0.1 </math>.$
$The physical meaning of the Lorentzian finesse <math> \mathcal{F}_c </math> of a Fabry–Pérot resonator.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> Displayed is the situation for <math> R_1 = R_2 \approx 4.32\% </math>, at which <math> \Delta \nu_c = \Delta \nu_{\rm FSR} </math> and <math> \mathcal{F}_c = 1 </math>, i.e., two adjacent Lorentzian lines (dashed colored lines, only 5 lines are shown for clarity for each resonance frequency,<math> \nu_{q} </math>) cross at half maximum (solid black line) and the Taylor criterion for spectrally resolving two peaks in the resulting Airy distribution (solid purple line, the sum of 5 lines which has been normalized to the peak intensity of itself) is reached.$
$Resonance enhancement in a Fabry–Pérot resonator.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> (top) Spectrally dependent internal resonance enhancement, equaling the generic Airy distribution <math> A_\text{circ} </math>. Light launched into the resonator is resonantly enhanced by this factor. For the curve with <math> R_1 = R_2 = 0.9</math>, the peak value is at <math> A_\text{circ}(\nu_q) = 100 </math>, outside the scale of the ordinate. (bottom) Spectrally dependent external resonance enhancement, equaling the Airy distribution <math> A_\text{circ}^{\prime} </math>. Light incident upon the resonator is resonantly enhanced by this factor.$
$Electric fields in a Fabry–Pérot resonator.<ref name=IsmailPollnau2016/> The electric-field mirror reflectivities are <math> r_1 </math> and <math> r_2 </math>. Indicated are the characteristic electric fields produced by an electric field <math> E_{\rm inc} </math> incident upon mirror 1: <math> E_{\rm refl,1} </math> initially reflected at mirror 1, <math> E_{\rm laun} </math> launched through mirror 1, <math> E_{\rm circ} </math> and <math> E_\text{b-circ} </math> circulating inside the resonator in forward and backward propagation direction, respectively, <math> E_{\rm RT} </math> propagating inside the resonator after one round trip, <math> E_{\rm trans} </math> transmitted through mirror 2, <math> E_{\rm back} </math> transmitted through mirror 1, and the total field <math> E_{\rm refl} </math> propagating backward. Interference occurs at the left- and right-hand sides of mirror 1 between <math> E_{\rm refl,1} </math> and <math> E_{\rm back} </math>, resulting in <math> E_{\rm refl} </math>, and between <math> E_{\rm laun} </math> and <math> E_{\rm RT} </math>, resulting in <math> E_{\rm circ} </math>, respectively.$

AN OPTICAL INTERFEROMETER MADE FROM TWO PARALLEL MIRRORS

Etalon; Fabry-Perot; Fabry-Perot Interferometer; Fabry-Perot Étalon; Fabry-Perot interferometer; Fabry-Perot etalon; Fabry-Perot étalon; Coefficient of Finesse; Coefficient of finesse; Fabry-Pérot etalon; Fabry perot etalon; Fabry Perot etalon; Fabry-Perot Etalon; Étalon; Fabry-Pérot étalon; Fabry-Pérot; Fabry Pérot etalon; Fabry Pérot étalon; Fabry Perot; Fabry Pérot; Fabry-Pérot interferometer; Fabry–Perot interferometer; Fabry–Pérot interferometers; Fabry-Perot device; Fabry–Perot etalon; Fabry–Pérot etalon; Fabry–Pérot; Fabry–Pérot laser; Fabry-Perot laser; Fabry-Pérot laser; Fabry-Pérot interferometers; Faby-Perot filter; Fabry-Perot filter; Fabry–Pérot interferometry; Finesse Coefficient; Fabry-Pérot interferometry; Fabry Pérot interferometer

['?t?l?n]

¦ noun Physics a device consisting of two reflecting plates, for producing interfering light beams.

Origin

early 20th cent.: from Fr. etalon, lit. 'standard of measurement'.

Wikipedia

Alfred Perot

Jean-Baptiste Alfred Perot (French: [pəʁo]; 3 November 1863 – 28 November 1925) was a French physicist.

Together with his colleague Charles Fabry he developed the Fabry–Pérot interferometer in 1899.

The French Academy of Sciences awarded him the Janssen Medal for 1912. The Royal Society awarded Fabry and Perot the Rumford medal in 1918.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred Perot

Esempi dal corpus di testo per Perot

1. Paulson Jr., secretary of the treasury, and Wendy Paulson (wife). Robert Pence, of Pence Friedel Developers Inc., and Suzy Pence (wife). Ross Perot Jr., chairman of the board at Perot Systems Corp., and Sarah Perot (wife). Mary E.

2. That is money that the Perot Foundation will put toward medical research and care for wounded veterans, said Sharon Holman, who works with Perot.

3. Ross Perot won in his dramatic 1''2 presidential campaign –– then "our voters will decide the 2008 elections." This is different from Perot and his budget charts.

4. Their successors sold it in 1'84 when it was bought by the Perot Foundation, a charity founded by American billionaire businessman and former US presidential candidate Ross Perot.

5. Ross Perot and lent to the archives, officials said.